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1.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 55: e11754, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1384143

ABSTRACT

It is unclear whether physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are pathways that link low pulmonary function (LPF) to increased blood pressure (BP). Therefore, we investigated the extent to which CRF and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) mediate the relationship between LPF and high BP in adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 1,362 participants that underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), spirometry, and wore an accelerometer to determine physical activity patterns. We performed mediation analyses using structural equations considering peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and MVPA as mediators, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) as independent variables, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) as dependent variables. The probability of alpha error was set at 5%. We found a significant total effect of FVC on SBP and DBP considering V̇O2 as mediator (P<0.01). Indirect effects were also significant, with 42.6% of the total effect of FVC on SBP and 77% on DBP mediated by V̇O2 (P<0.01). We did not observe a direct effect of FVC on SBP and DBP. Considering FEV1 as an independent variable, the total effect on SBP was also significant, as were the indirect effects, mediated by V̇O2 at 14.8% for SBP and 7.6% for DBP (P<0.01). We did not find an indirect effect of FVC or FEV1 considering the MVPA as a mediator. CRF mediates the pathway that links LPF and elevated BP. Therefore, CRF is more sensitive to variations in FVC and FEV1 than MVPA.

2.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-718825

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide and atherosclerosis is the most important process underlying CVD. Statins are widely used in primary and secondary prevention of CVD, though their adverse side effects, such as myopathy and hepatotoxicity, justify the search for therapeutic alternatives. Alpha lipoic acid is a potent antioxidantand its potential use to combat various conditions, such as diabetic nephropathy, metal poisoning, Alzheimer's disease and CVD has been under intense study. The aim of this review was to gather information on the use of statins and alpha lipoic acid in the prevention and treatment of CVD. The literature suggests that inaddition to the known side effects most associated with the use of statins, they can also cause reduced levels of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an important mitochondrial antioxidant and electron transport chain carrier that has the capacity to antagonize oxidation of plasma lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL). The loss of CoQ10 can reduce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in cardiac cells, further worsening the overall state of the individual. Alpha lipoic acid produces favorable metabolic and endothelial anti-inflammatory effects, without adverse side effects, and thus may be an alternative treatment for the prevention of CVD. However, more controlled clinical studies are needed to establish definitively the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of alpha lipoic acid and to decide whether it might be more effective than statins for the prevention and treatment of CVD...


As doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) são a principal causa de morte no mundo e tem a aterosclerose como componente mais importante. As estatinas são extensamente utilizadas na prevenção primária e secundária das DCVs, todavia seus efeitos adversos como miopatia e toxicidade hepática justificam a busca por alternativas terapêuticas. O ácido lipóico é um potente antioxidante e vem sendo intensamente investigado no combate de diversas condições tais como nefropatia diabética, intoxicação por metais, doença de Alzheimer e nas DCVs. O objetivo desta revisão foi reunir informações acerca da utilização das estatinas e do ácido lipóico na prevenção e tratamento das DCVs. A literatura aponta que além dos efeitos adversos mais conhecidos associados ao uso das estatinas, elas também podem ocasionar a redução dos níveis de Coenzima Q10 (CoQ10), um importante antioxidante mitocondrial e transportador de elétrons, que possui a capacidade de antagonizar a oxidação da Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade (LDL) plasmática. Ainda, a deficiência da CoQ10, por sua vez, pode levar a diminuição da adenosina trifosfato (ATP) nas células cardíacas, comprometendo ainda mais o estado global do indivíduo. Enquanto isso, o ácido lipóico apresenta favoráveis efeitos antiinflamatórios, metabólicos e endoteliais, contudo sem a presença de efeitos adversos, podendo ser uma opção terapêutica na prevenção das DCVs. Entretanto, mais estudos clínicos controlados são necessários para estabelecer de maneira definitiva os potenciais terapêuticos e profiláticos do ácido lipóico, avaliando se ele pode ser mais efetivo para a prevenção e tratamento das DCVs do que as estatinas...


Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Thioctic Acid
3.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 65(4): 975-980, Aug. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-684450

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da ingestão de gossipol livre sobre a qualidade espermática e a morfologia dos testículos e dos epidídimos de touros da raça Nelore. Doze touros receberam dieta contendo 3,3g de gossipol livre/touro/dia (caroço de algodão) (Grupo 1, n=6) e dieta isenta de gossipol (Grupo 2, n=6), respectivamente. Foram realizadas coletas de sêmen no início e no final do experimento, que teve duração de 73 dias. Ao final do estudo, foram retirados os testículos e os epidídimos dos touros para se estudar o efeito do gossipol livre sobre as características histológicas. O consumo médio de 3,3g de gossipol livre/touro/dia (média 7,1mg de gossipol livre/kg/dia) reduziu a motilidade e a concentração espermática e aumentou a porcentagem de defeitos espermáticos maiores e totais. Além disso, os animais apresentaram testículos com túbulos seminíferos de menor espessura de parede, menor número de camadas de células espermatogênicas, menor espessura do epitélio epididimário e menor número de espermatozoide no interior dos ductos epidídimários, em relação aos animais com dieta isenta de gossipol (Grupo 2). O consumo de 3,3g de gossipol livre/touro/dia acarretou alterações na morfologia e na morfometria dos testículos e dos epidídimos e reduziu a qualidade espermática dos touros.


The objective was to evaluate the effect of intake of free gossypol on sperm quality and morphology of the testicles and epididymis of Nelore bulls. Twelve bulls were fed diets containing 3.3g of free gossypol/bull/day (cottonseed) (Group 1, n = 6) and a diet free of gossypol (Group 2, n = 6), respectively. Semen samples were collected in the beginning and end of the experiment which lasted 73 days. In the end of the study the testes and epididymis of bulls were removed to study the effect of free gossypol on histological characteristics. The average consumption of 3.3g of free gossypol/bull/day (mean 7.1mg of free gossypol/kg/day) reduced motility and sperm concentration and increased the percentage of major and total sperm defects, as well as the animals showing testes with seminiferous tubules of smaller thickness, fewer layers of spermatogenic lineage cells, smaller epididymal epithelium thickness and smaller number of sperm within the epididymal ducts, compared to animals with a diet free of gossypol (Group 2). The consumption of 3.3g of free gossypol/bull/day led to changes in morphology and morphometry of the testes and epididymis and reduced sperm quality of bulls.


Subject(s)
Animals , Semen Analysis , Diet , Gossypol , Testis/anatomy & histology , Cattle/classification
4.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 46(2): 178-185, 01/fev. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-668775

ABSTRACT

We studied the effects of the acute administration of small doses of lead over time on hemodynamic parameters in anesthetized rats to determine if myocardial contractility changes are dependent or not on the development of hypertension. Male Wistar rats received 320 µg/kg lead acetate iv once, and their hemodynamic parameters were measured for 2 h. Cardiac contractility was evaluated in vitro using left ventricular papillary muscles as were Na+,K+-ATPase and myosin Ca2+-ATPase activities. Lead increased left- (control: 112 ± 3.7 vs lead: 129 ± 3.2 mmHg) and right-ventricular systolic pressures (control: 28 ± 1.2 vs lead: 34 ± 1.2 mmHg) significantly without modifying heart rate. Papillary muscles were exposed to 8 µM lead acetate and evaluated 60 min later. Isometric contractions increased (control: 0.546 ± 0.07 vs lead: 0.608 ± 0.06 g/mg) and time to peak tension decreased (control: 268 ± 13 vs lead: 227 ± 5.58 ms), but relaxation time was unchanged. Post-pause potentiation was similar between groups (n = 6 per group), suggesting no change in sarcoplasmic reticulum activity, evaluated indirectly by this protocol. After 1-h exposure to lead acetate, the papillary muscles became hyperactive in response to a β-adrenergic agonist (10 µM isoproterenol). In addition, post-rest contractions decreased, suggesting a reduction in sarcolemmal calcium influx. The heart samples treated with 8 µM lead acetate presented increased Na+,K+-ATPase (approximately 140%, P < 0.05 for control vs lead) and myosin ATPase (approximately 30%, P < 0.05 for control vs lead) activity. Our results indicated that acute exposure to low lead concentrations produces direct positive inotropic and lusitropic effects on myocardial contractility and increases the right and left ventricular systolic pressure, thus potentially contributing to the early development of hypertension.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Hypertension/physiopathology , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Myosins/drug effects , Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology , Adenosine Triphosphatases/drug effects , Enzyme Activation , Hypertension/enzymology , Myocardial Contraction/physiology , Myosins/physiology , Rats, Wistar
5.
Rev. bras. plantas med ; 15(2): 188-193, 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-677025

ABSTRACT

O estudo avalia a utilização de plantas medicinais com atividade antimicrobiana pelos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde do município de Campina Grande- PB, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, cuja amostra constituiu-se de 220 usuários conduzido no período de Agosto de 2008 a Janeiro de 2009. A pesquisa foi realizada através de um roteiro de entrevistas não estruturada. Dentre os participantes do estudo, 65,0% utilizavam plantas medicinais, das quais Punica granatum L., Anacardium occidentale L., e Stryphnodendron adstringens foram as mais citadas. Observou-se que houve prevalência do gênero feminino na utilização. A maioria dos indivíduos obtém plantas medicinais no comércio local utilizando-as por indicação de familiares. Foi observado que 5,0% dos entrevistados afirmam já ter sofrido algum evento adverso decorrente do uso de plantas medicinais. Assim sugere-se que as informações sobre o uso da flora medicinal adquiridas nas comunidades locais, combinadas a estudos químicos/farmacológicos realizados em laboratórios especializados e a capacitação da equipe de saúde favorecerá a implementação da Portaria nº 971/2006, que tem como objetivo a garantia de acesso a plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos com segurança, eficácia e qualidade.


This study evaluates the use of medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity by users of the Unified Health System in Campina Grande Municipality, Paraíba, Brazil. This is a descriptive and transversal study with a quantitative approach, the sample of which consisted of 220 users, and was carried out from August 2008 to April 2009. The research was developed through an unstructured interview process. Among the study participants, 65.0% used medicinal plants, of which Punica granatum L., Anacardium occidentale L. and Stryphnodendron adstringens were most cited. There was prevalence of females. Most individuals obtain medicinal plants in the local market, using them as suggested by relatives. Results indicated that 5.0% of the interviewees stated to have suffered adverse event resulting from the use of medicinal plants. Thus, information about the use of medicinal plants, acquired in local communities, combined to chemical/pharmacological studies performed in specialized laboratories and the qualification of health professionals, will favor the implementation of Decree no. 971/2006, which aims to ensure access to medicinal plants and herbal medicines with safety, efficacy and quality.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Plants, Medicinal/adverse effects , Unified Health System , Anti-Infective Agents/analysis , Public Health/classification , Ethnopharmacology/instrumentation
6.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 64(6): 1547-1554, Dec. 2012. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-660223

ABSTRACT

Foi realizada falha segmentar de 6mm na região metafisária medial da tíbia de 12 coelhos, seguida de preenchimento desta por matriz óssea mineralizada heteróloga fragmentada conservada em glicerina (98%) e metilmetacrilato autoclavado, bem como avaliação por meio da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (cone beam) aos 30, 60 e 90 dias. Houve incorporação gradativa do implante no leito receptor em relação ao tempo em 100% dos casos, o que mostra ser este biologicamente compatível, ao promover reparação da falha óssea, sem sinais de infecção, migração e/ou rejeição, caracterizando-se, assim, como nova opção de substituto ósseo para preenchimento de falhas ósseas.


A 6mm segmental defect was performed on the metaphyseal region of the tibia of 12 rabbits and the autoclaved fragmented heterolog cortical bone conserved in glycerin (98%) and methylmethacrylate was used as a bone graft for the reconstruction. The graft was placed in the receptor bed and its integration was evaluated by computed tomography after 30, 60 and 90 days. There was gradual bone graft incorporation in the receptor bed during the time in 100% of the cases. Fragmented cortical bone heterograft and methylmethacrylate was biologically compatible and promotes bone defect reparation without signs of infection, migration and or rejection, featuring a new option of osseous substitute to fill in bone defects.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Bone Matrix , Methylmethacrylate , Tibia/abnormalities , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/veterinary , Bone and Bones/abnormalities , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
7.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 44(9): 939-946, Sept. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-599674

ABSTRACT

Heavy metals have been used in a wide variety of human activities that have significantly increased both professional and environmental exposure. Unfortunately, disasters have highlighted the toxic effects of metals on different organs and systems. Over the last 50 years, the adverse effects of chronic lead, mercury and gadolinium exposure have been underscored. Mercury and lead induce hypertension in humans and animals, affecting endothelial function in addition to their other effects. Increased cardiovascular risk after exposure to metals has been reported, but the underlying mechanisms, mainly for short periods of time and at low concentrations, have not been well explored. The presence of other metals such as gadolinium has raised concerns about contrast-induced nephropathy and, interestingly, despite this negative action, gadolinium has not been defined as a toxic agent. The main actions of these metals, demonstrated in animal and human studies, are an increase of free radical production and oxidative stress and stimulation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity, among others. Increased vascular reactivity, highlighted in the present review, resulting from these actions might be an important mechanism underlying increased cardiovascular risk. Finally, the results described in this review suggest that mercury, lead and gadolinium, even at low doses or concentrations, affect vascular reactivity. Acting via the endothelium, by continuous exposure followed by their absorption, they can increase the production of free radicals and of angiotensin II, representing a hazard for cardiovascular function. In addition, the actual reference values, considered to pose no risk, need to be reduced.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Rats , Cardiovascular System/drug effects , Gadolinium/toxicity , Lead/toxicity , Mercury/toxicity , Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Free Radicals/chemistry , Free Radicals/metabolism , Metals, Heavy/poisoning , Poisoning , Risk Factors
8.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 43(12): 1160-1166, Dec. 2010. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-569007

ABSTRACT

The main objective of the present study was to upgrade a clinical gamma camera to obtain high resolution tomographic images of small animal organs. The system is based on a clinical gamma camera to which we have adapted a special-purpose pinhole collimator and a device for positioning and rotating the target based on a computer-controlled step motor. We developed a software tool to reconstruct the target’s three-dimensional distribution of emission from a set of planar projections, based on the maximum likelihood algorithm. We present details on the hardware and software implementation. We imaged phantoms and heart and kidneys of rats. When using pinhole collimators, the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the imaging system depend on parameters such as the detector-to-collimator and detector-to-target distances and pinhole diameter. In this study, we reached an object voxel size of 0.6 mm and spatial resolution better than 2.4 and 1.7 mm full width at half maximum when 1.5- and 1.0-mm diameter pinholes were used, respectively. Appropriate sensitivity to study the target of interest was attained in both cases. Additionally, we show that as few as 12 projections are sufficient to attain good quality reconstructions, a result that implies a significant reduction of acquisition time and opens the possibility for radiotracer dynamic studies. In conclusion, a high resolution single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system was developed using a commercial clinical gamma camera, allowing the acquisition of detailed volumetric images of small animal organs. This type of system has important implications for research areas such as Cardiology, Neurology or Oncology.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Gamma Cameras/veterinary , Heart , Kidney , Models, Animal , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/veterinary , Algorithms , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Phantoms, Imaging , Rats, Wistar , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/instrumentation , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods
9.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 62(3): 639-644, June 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-554934

ABSTRACT

Estudou-se a viabilidade do autotransplante de tecido esplênico, um terço do baço, associado à esplenectomia parcial, e verificou-se a cinética evolutiva de sua regeneração, sob o aspecto macroscópico e histológico. Foram utilizados 28 ratos Wistar, adultos, machos, com média de peso de 300g, distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais. Cada animal foi submetido à esplenectomia parcial, e um fragmento de baço foi transplantado para o omento maior, por períodos de 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Após cada período pré-estipulado, os tecidos esplênicos autotransplantados foram coletados e analisados histologicamente. Os resultados mostraram regeneração da cápsula esplênica, dos vasos sanguíneos e das polpas branca e vermelha. Aos 90 dias, a arquitetura microscópica apresentava-se semelhante à do baço normal.


The splenic tissue autograft viability (one third of the spleen) associated to parcial splenectomy was studied to verify the evolutive kinetic of its regeneration by macroscopic and histological aspects. Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats, weighting 300g, were distributed in four experimental groups. Each animal was submitted to parcial splenectomy and one fragment of each spleen was autotransplanted to the greater omentum, for a period of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. After each period, the autotransplanted splenic tissues were collected and histopathologically analyzed. The results showed regeneration of the splenic capsule, blood vessels, white pulp, and red pulp. After 90 days, the microscopic architecture was similar to the normal spleen.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Adult , Rats , Spleen/transplantation , Rats, Wistar , Regeneration , Spleen/anatomy & histology , Splenectomy/veterinary
10.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-560249

ABSTRACT

Por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico sobre as políticas públicas no setor de medicamentos brasileiro, o artigo examina as principais características das ações aplicadas na área, ressaltando seus resultados e deficiências, bem como as dificuldades encontradas para consolidar uma política de medicamentos no Brasil. O estudo realizado se fundamentou na análise de artigos por meio das bases de dados Scielo e Lilacs e de outras fontes. Desde a extinta Central de Medicamentos (CEME) até a aprovação da Política Nacional de Medicamentos (PNM), todas as ações e projetos foram voltados principalmente para a reorientação da Assistência Farmacêutica na atenção básica, garantindo, por conseguinte, o acesso e o uso racional dos medicamentos essenciais.


Through a bibliography review of public policies in Brazilian medicine sector, this paper examines the main characteristics of actions implemented in this area, lighting their results and deficiencies, as well as the difficulties to consolidate a policy for medicines in Brazil. The study is based on analysis of articles searched in the Scielo and Lilacs databases and other sources. Since the extinct Medicine Center to the approval of the National Medicine Policy, all the actions and programs aimed mainly at the reorientation of Pharmaceutical Assistance in primary health are, to guarantee access and rational use of essential medicines essential.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drugs, Essential , National Drug Policy , Pharmaceutical Services
11.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 61(6): 1314-1321, dez. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-537257

ABSTRACT

Avaliaram-se as alterações morfológicas, morfométricas e ultraestruturais que ocorreram no baço devido à isquemia produzida pelo clampeamento total do pedículo hepático. Para tanto, foram utilizados 40 ratos machos, distribuídos em quatro grupos de 10 animais. O grupo-controle (C) não foi submetido à isquemia, e os grupos tratados (E1, E2e E3) foram submetidos ao clampeamento por 10, 20 e 30 minutos, respectivamente. Fragmentos do baço foram retirados e analisados histologicamente pela microscopia de luz (hematoxilina-eosina, ferrocianeto-férrico) e pela microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os resultados demonstraram que 10 minutos de clampeamento do pedículo hepático são suficientes para apresentar sinais de congestão esplênica e 20 e 30 minutos promovem intensa digestão de hemácias pelos macrófagos, com presença de grânulos de ferro (hemossiderina) no parênquima esplênico.


The macro and microscopic alterations that occurred in the spleen during an ischemia produced by the hepatic pedicle total clamping were studied. Forty male rats were distributed in four groups of 10 animals each. The control group (C) was not submitted to ischemia and the treated groups (E1, E2, and E3) were submitted to the clamping during 10, 20, and 30 minutes, respectively. Spleen fragments were collected and histologically analyzed by the light microscopy (eosin-hematoxilin and ferric ferrocyanide) and by the transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that 10 minutes of hepatic pedicle total clamping was enough produce signs of splenic congestion and 20 and 30 minutes promoted intense red bood cels digestion by the macrophages with the presence of iron granules (hemosiderin) in the splenic parenchyma.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Spleen/anatomy & histology , Hemosiderin , Ischemia/chemically induced , Spleen/blood supply , Splenic Rupture/chemically induced
12.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 42(8): 692-699, Aug. 2009. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-520790

ABSTRACT

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a non-invasive imaging technique, which provides information reporting the functional states of tissues. SPECT imaging has been used as a diagnostic tool in several human disorders and can be used in animal models of diseases for physiopathological, genomic and drug discovery studies. However, most of the experimental models used in research involve rodents, which are at least one order of magnitude smaller in linear dimensions than man. Consequently, images of targets obtained with conventional gamma-cameras and collimators have poor spatial resolution and statistical quality. We review the methodological approaches developed in recent years in order to obtain images of small targets with good spatial resolution and sensitivity. Multipinhole, coded mask- and slit-based collimators are presented as alternative approaches to improve image quality. In combination with appropriate decoding algorithms, these collimators permit a significant reduction of the time needed to register the projections used to make 3-D representations of the volumetric distribution of target’s radiotracers. Simultaneously, they can be used to minimize artifacts and blurring arising when single pinhole collimators are used. Representation images are presented, which illustrate the use of these collimators. We also comment on the use of coded masks to attain tomographic resolution with a single projection, as discussed by some investigators since their introduction to obtain near-field images. We conclude this review by showing that the use of appropriate hardware and software tools adapted to conventional gamma-cameras can be of great help in obtaining relevant functional information in experiments using small animals.


Subject(s)
Animals , Computer-Aided Design , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/veterinary , Models, Biological , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/veterinary , Image Enhancement , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods
13.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 29(1): 59-68, 2008. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-528570

ABSTRACT

A farmacovigilância é realizada através de notificações voluntárias de suspeitas de reações adversas, de erros de medicações e de desvios de qualidade, por usuários e profissionais da saúde, através do preenchimento de formulários enviados a um banco de informações. Para ampliar as fontes de notificações, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), em parceria como Conselho Regional de Farmácia (CRF) e Centro de Vigilância Sanitária (CVS) de cada Estado, introduziuo projeto das “Farmácias Notificadoras”. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de determinar os fatores envolvidos à adesão das drogarias e farmácias privadas de Tatuí/SP, em 2007, no projeto farmácias notificadoras. Realizou-se um estudo observacional descritivo, do tipo inquérito de Conhecimento, Atitude e Prática (CAP) aplicado aos 21 farmacêuticos voluntários da pesquisa. Os resultados revelaram que os profissionais possuem conhecimento de farmacovigilância (95,24%) e atitude(95,24%), entretanto, a prática é limitada (6,0%). Baseado nas informações concluiu-se que a baixa adesão ao projeto ocorre por falta de tempo, desinteresse, falta de informação à sociedade sobre os benefícios dessa atividade e falta de apoio das entidades de classe. Espera-se mudar essa realidade com a atual introdução do perfil profissional generalista, a união das entidades de classe e a promoção da conscientização social sobre farmacovigilância.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pharmacies , Pharmacists , Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems
14.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 29(1): 45-51, 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-528572

ABSTRACT

O estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar os principais fármacos utilizados no tratamento de hipertensão no Centro de Saúde da cidade de Rincão e as principais interações medicamentosas decorrentes das associações, incluindo não só os medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, mas também, aqueles mais utilizados em conjunto. A população estudada compreendeu 725 pacientes hipertensos cadastrados no Centro Municipal de Saúde e que faziam acompanhamento médico trimestral. Foram coletados dados sobre a idade, sexo, presença de diabetes, tabagismo, sedentarismo e sobrepeso para traçar um perfil da população hipertensa. Todos tinham fichas de controle na farmácia da unidade, onde retiravam os medicamentos mensalmente. O paciente, na sua maioria, constituiu de mulheres (62%) comidade entre 50 a 70 anos (57%); 21%, eram tabagistas; 43% sedentários. Quanto às prescrições, 33% eram constituídas de monoterapia e 66% de politerapia. Quanto à utilização de medicamentos de outras classes terapêuticas, além dos anti-hipertensivos, 50% dos pacientes faziam uso e dentre estes, 34% utilizam três ou mais medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, enquanto 66% utilizavam apenas, dois medicamentos anti-hipertensivos e 47% das prescrições apresentaram interações medicamentosas. O captopril foi o medicamento que mais apresentou interações com outros medicamentos representando 54% das interações medicamentosas, a hidroclorotiazida apresentou 27%, seguido da furosemida,com 14%, o propranolol, 4% e a nifedipina, 1%. Concluiu-se que o consumo de medicamentos pelos pacientes é elevado e consequentemente apresentaram também um elevado número de interações medicamentosas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology , Homeopathic Prescription , Hypertension/therapy , Drug Prescriptions , Unified Health System , Captopril , Furosemide , Hydrochlorothiazide , Propranolol
15.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 28(1): 113-121, 2007. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-485209

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de risco relacionados às doenças cardiovasculares (FRDCV), em idosos diabéticos do tipo 2, através de um estudo observacional com delineamento transversal, tendo sido realizado com 100 idosos atendidos no Centro Regional de Reabilitação de Araraquara (CRRA), São Paulo, Brasil, de março a dezembro de 2004. Houve predominância de indivíduos casados, sexo feminino, brancos, com baixa renda e baixa escolaridade. Quanto aos hábitos e estilo de vida, predominaram os que mantinham dietas adequadas, sedentários, não fumantes e não etilistas. Entre os 100 indivíduos estudados, 42% apresentaram sobrepeso, 42% obesidade, 71% valores inadequados de circunferência abdominal e 84% de relação cintura-quadril de acordo com o sexo. Em relação aos FRDCV, 54,0% apresentaram hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), 54,0% com hipercolesterolemia, 51,0% de hipertrigliceridemia, 84% com valores elevados de LDL-colesterol, 59% com níveis reduzidos de HDL-colesterol, 78,0% com níveis elevados de glicemia de jejum, 76,0% com níveis elevados de hemoglobina glicada e 57,0% de fibrinogênio. Os resultados demonstraram uma frequência elevada de FRDCV com diferenças em relação ao sexo e a idade.


The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors related to the cardiovascular diseases (CVRF) in elderly type 2 diabetics. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on 100 elderly patients attending the Rehabilitation Center of Araraquara (CRRA), São Paulo State, Brazil, from March to December, 2004. The majority were married, female, white, with a low income and low educational level. Regarding habits and style of life, the subjects had an adequate diet, were sedentary, non-smoking and non-drinking. In the population of 100, 42% were overweight, 42% obese, 71% had abovenormal waist measurements and 84% high waist-to-hip ratios. Concerning the CVRF, it was observed that more than half had hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. 84% had high values of LDLcholesterol and 59% HDL-cholesterol levels below the reference values, 78% high levels of fasting glycemia, 76% glycohemoglobin and 57% fibrinogen and thus subject to cardiovascular risk. The results showed a highfrequency of cardiovascular risk factors, differing according to sex and the age.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Brazil , Risk Factors
16.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 28(2): 165-169, 2007.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-486506

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) is a very serious problem worldwide and the increasing number of multiple drugs resistant TB cases makes the search for new anti-TB drugs an urgent need. Indigenous knowledge about the use of native plants to treat illnesses has contributed to the discovery of new medicines. In this study, the antimycobacterial activity ofseven medicinal drinks was assessed: Ananas sativus (hydroalcoholic fruit extract), Aristolochia triangularis(aqueous and hydroalcoholic leaf, root and stem extracts), Bromelia antiacantha (hydroalcoholic fruit extract), Stryphnodendron adstringens (hydroalcoholic bark extract), Tabebuia ovellanedae (hydroalcoholic bark extract), Vernonia polyanthes (hydroalcoholic root extract), all used by the Vanuíre indigenous community in the treatment of respiratory diseases. The activity was evaluated by using a time-to-kill assay, in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, after thirty minutes, one, three, six, twelve and twenty-four hours contact of the bacteria with each drink. Within half to one hour contact, the hydroalcoholic drinks of A. triangularis, S. adstringens, T. ovellanedae and V. polyanthes reduced the bacterial growth by 2 orders of magnitude in CFU/mL, and all bacterial growth was absent after three hours contact. In contrast, no mycobactericidal effect was detected in the aqueous extract of A. triangularis or in the hydroalcoholic beverages of A. sativus and B. antiacantha, even aftertwenty-four hours contact.


Subject(s)
Hydroalcoholic Solution , Phytotherapy , Plants, Medicinal , Plant Preparations/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Ananas , Aristolochia , Bromelia , Brazil/ethnology , Fabaceae , Tabebuia , Vernonia
17.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 28(2): 215-219, 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-486513

ABSTRACT

Infecção Hospitalar é um grande problema de saúde pública, sendo responsável pelo aumento da morbimortalidade dos pacientes, bem como do período de internação e custos assistenciais. Dentre as infecções hospitalares, a infecção do trato urinário (ITU) é a mais comum, sendo a presença de cateter urinário o principal fator de risco. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as ITUs em pacientes internados num Hospital Universitário, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2003. Das 271 amostras de urina analisadas, 51 foram positivas, sendo 27 de pacientes com infecção comunitária do trato urinário e 24 de origem hospitalar. As ITUs comunitárias foram mais comuns em pacientes do sexo feminino (63%), com idade entre 0 e 15 anos (37%), sendo Escherichia coli o agente mais frequente (74,1%). Os episódios de ITU de origem hospitalar ocorreram, na sua maioria, em pacientes que faziam uso de sonda vesical de demora, do sexo masculino (68%) e com idade acimade 50 anos (68%), e tiveram como agentes etiológicos mais frequentes Escherichia coli (29,1%) e Klebsiella spp. (29,1%). Quanto à sensibilidade/resistência aos antimicrobianos, E. coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae apresentaram sensibilidade elevada (62,5%) ao sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim e a ampicilina, sugerindo a não utilização desses medicamentos nessa instituição.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Middle Aged , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Hospitals, University , Cross Infection/microbiology , Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Urinary Catheterization
18.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 39(1): 1-7, Jan. 2006. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-419153

ABSTRACT

The present study describes an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of left ventricular (LV) segmental wall motion (WM) abnormalities based on color-coded echocardiographic WM images. An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed and validated for grading LV segmental WM using data from color kinesis (CK) images, a technique developed to display the timing and magnitude of global and regional WM in real time. We evaluated 21 normal subjects and 20 patients with LVWM abnormalities revealed by two-dimensional echocardiography. CK images were obtained in two sets of viewing planes. A method was developed to analyze CK images, providing quantitation of fractional area change in each of the 16 LV segments. Two experienced observers analyzed LVWM from two-dimensional images and scored them as: 1) normal, 2) mild hypokinesia, 3) moderate hypokinesia, 4) severe hypokinesia, 5) akinesia, and 6) dyskinesia. Based on expert analysis of 10 normal subjects and 10 patients, we trained a multilayer perceptron ANN using a back-propagation algorithm to provide automated grading of LVWM, and this ANN was then tested in the remaining subjects. Excellent concordance between expert and ANN analysis was shown by ROC curve analysis, with measured area under the curve of 0.975. An excellent correlation was also obtained for global LV segmental WM index by expert and ANN analysis (R² = 0.99). In conclusion, ANN showed high accuracy for automated semi-quantitative grading of WM based on CK images. This technique can be an important aid, improving diagnostic accuracy and reducing inter-observer variability in scoring segmental LVWM.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Echocardiography/methods , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods , Neural Networks, Computer , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Case-Control Studies , Linear Models , ROC Curve , Severity of Illness Index
19.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 27(1): 73-78, 2006. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-458669

ABSTRACT

As complicações crônicas são as principais responsáveis pela morbimortalidade dos pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus.Sintomas depressivos estão relacionados a um controle glicêmico pior e conseqüente piora na qualidade de vida.O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a ocorrência do Diabetes Mellitus em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do município de Presidente Prudente – SP, em indivíduos cadastrados no Programa Hiper/Dia do Serviço Municipal de Saúde local.Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, no período de outubro de 2003 a julho de 2004.Os dados foram obtidos através dos prontuários e questionário específicos, de 50 portadores de diabetes.A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino, não tinha o ensino fundamental completo e a renda familiar inferior a cinco salários mínimos.A referência de ocorrência de depressão era de 24 por cento e a dieta alimentar nunca era realizada por 76 por cento dos pacientes.O tratamento farmacológico foi prescrito para 82 por cento dos mesmos.Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram os hipoglicemiantes orais.A hemoglobina glicada foi realizada em 68 por cento dos pacientes.Vinte e oito deles, faziam acompanhamento psicológico, representando 56 por cento da amostra.Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação a depressão e adesão ao tratamento (p= 0,40).Verificou-se associação não-significativa entre acompanhamento psicológico e controle glicêmico (p= 0,40), adesão à dieta alimentar (p= 0,37) e prática de atividade física (p= 0,77).Conclui-se que 24 por cento dos pacientes apresentava depressão, a maioria não fazia dieta alimentar e a terapia medicamentosa foi prescrita para 82 por cento deles.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus/psychology , Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Health Centers , Depression/complications
20.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 27(3): 253-258, 2006. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-466208

ABSTRACT

Giardia lamblia é um enteroparasita de prevalência significativa no mundo inteiro. Estudou-se a reprodutibilidade diagnóstica laboratorial por meio dos métodos Coprotest®, Direto modificado, Faust e Hematoxilina Férrica, para o protozoário G. lamblia, segundo a associação com algumas características da população de estudo tais como grupo etário, gênero e distribuição dos casos segundo a variação sazonal nos meses em que se desenvolveu a pesquisa. Fezes de 200 crianças da região de Araraquara-SP, foram examinadas pelos quatro métodos, e os resultados comparados. Verificou-se que 8% delas, encontravam-se parasitadas por G. lamblia. Não houve associação com o gênero; quanto à idade ocorreram mais casos no grupo de três a cinco anos e a maior freqüência de casos foi no mês de janeiro. Em relação ao diagnóstico laboratorial concluiu se que os resultados mais confiáveis podem ser obtidos quando se utiliza duas metodologias associadas de ótima reprodutibilidade que neste estudo foram Coprotest - Faust; Direto-Faust e Coprotest-Direto (k maior que 0,81).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Feces/parasitology , Giardia lamblia/parasitology , Parasitic Diseases/diagnosis
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